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Benjamin Rush ( – April 19, 1813) was a Founding Father of the United States. Rush was a civic leader in Philadelphia, where he was a physician, politician, social reformer, educator and humanitarian, as well as the founder of Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Rush signed the Declaration of Independence and attended the Continental Congress. He served as Surgeon General in the Continental army. Rush became a professor of chemistry, medical theory, and clinical practice at the University of Pennsylvania.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu/people/1700s/rush_benj.html )〕 Rush was a leader of the American Enlightenment, and an enthusiastic supporter of the American Revolution. He was a leader in Pennsylvania's ratification of the Constitution in 1788. He was prominent in many reforms, especially in the areas of medicine and education. He opposed slavery, advocated free public schools, and sought improved education for women and a more enlightened penal system. As a leading physician, Rush had a major impact on the emerging medical profession. As an Enlightenment intellectual, he was committed to organizing all medical knowledge around explanatory theories, rather than rely on empirical methods. Rush argued that illness was the result of imbalances in the body's physical system and was caused by malfunctions in the brain. His approach prepared the way for later medical research, but Rush himself undertook none of it. He promoted public health by advocating clean environment and stressing the importance of personal and military hygiene. His study of mental disorder made him one of the founders of American psychiatry.〔Robert Muccigrosso, ed., ''Research Guide to American Historical Biography'' (1988) 3:1139–42〕 ==Early life and career== Benjamin Rush was born to John Rush and Susanna Hall on January 4, 1746 (December 24, 1745 O.S.). The family which included seven children lived on a plantation in the Township of Byberry in Philadelphia County, then about 14 mi outside Philadelphia (the township was incorporated into Philadelphia in 1854 and now remains one of its neighborhoods). Benjamin was the fourth of the seven children. Rush's father died when he was six,〔"John Rush died in July 1751 at the age of thirty-nine. He went peacefully, saying over and over, "Lord! Lord! Lord!" and his wife saw him buried as he wished in the cemetery behind Christ Church." – David Freeman Hawke, ''Benjamin Rush; revolutionary gadfly'' (1971), p. 11〕 leaving his mother, who ran a country store, to care for the large family. At eight years of age, Benjamin was sent to live with an aunt and uncle, to receive a proper education. Benjamin and his older brother Jacob (b. 1738)〔even the identity of Rush's siblings becomes confused, for I have seen webpages saying Rush and one brother were responsible for the entire family, and also giving Rush's brothers names as William (a lawyer) and Samuel http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/m/c/c/Janice-Lee-Mccarty/FILE/0024text.txt lists Rush's siblings as Jacob, James, John, Rebecca, Rachel and Stephenson. Most likely, though William and Samuel were relatives and close friends, for Benjamin was a 5th generation removed from the Cromwell era Rush and Benjamin's father's family lived in the Byberry area for generations.〕 attended a school in Cecil County, Maryland, run by the Rev. Samuel Finley, which would later become West Nottingham Academy. In 1760, after further studies at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), Rush graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree. From 1761 to 1766, Rush apprenticed under Dr. John Redman in Philadelphia. Redman encouraged him to further his studies at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, where Rush studied from 1766 to 1768 and earned a M.D. degree.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/signers/rush.htm )〕 Rush became fluent in French, Italian, and Spanish as a result of his studies and European tour. While at Edinburgh, he became a friend of the Earl of Leven and his family, including William Leslie. Returning to the Colonies in 1769 (age 24), Rush opened a medical practice in Philadelphia and became Professor of Chemistry at the College of Philadelphia (now the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania).〔Citations needed. In particular the next sentence needs citations or dates or movement into another section if it in fact does not reflect to his early career.〕 Rush ultimately published the first American textbook on chemistry, several volumes on medical student education, and wrote influential patriotic essays. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Benjamin Rush」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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